Abstract
The transition from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) has accelerated the demand for efficient, safe, and environmentally sustainable battery technologies. Although lithium-ion batteries currently dominate the EV market, challenges associated with limited lithium resources, environmental concerns, and end-of-life battery management have driven extensive research into green battery alternatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging green battery technologies, including lithium iron phosphate (LFP), sodium-ion, solid-state, zinc-air, and aluminum-air batteries for EV applications. The performance characteristics, energy density, safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impacts of these battery systems are critically analyzed and compared. Furthermore, recent developments in battery recycling technologies, resource recovery methods, and circular economy approaches are examined to assess their contribution to sustainable battery management. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies are also reviewed to evaluate the overall environmental footprint of battery production, operation, and disposal. The analysis indicates that sodium-ion and solid-state batteries offer promising solutions for next-generation EVs due to their improved sustainability, safety, and material availability. The findings of this review highlight current technological challenges, research trends, and future opportunities for developing greener and more sustainable battery systems to support the global transition toward clean transportation.
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